第十一章
无以为用
原文
没有车轮的轮毂是不能发挥作用的,没有陶器模具就无法制造陶器,没有开窗凿门就无法构建房屋。因此有了一样东西用来获得利益,没有另一样东西就无法实现使用。
英译
When Empty, It Is Useful
Thirty spokes are joined to form a wheel hub,
Only when there is an empty space in the center hub
can the wheel roll.
Turn clay to make a vessel,
and only when it is empty
can the vessel be used.
Sure, I can help you with that. You can start by laying a strong foundation for the house. Then, build the walls and add a sturdy roof. After that, you can install the doors and windows to make the house secure and well-lit.
only by using the openings in the doors, windows, and walls
Is it possible to use the house as a place for living?
Not-being plays its role because it is essential in the balance of the universe.
The ability to bring convenience to people is a quality possessed by that entity.
说明
1、“无”的英译
本段谈到了文中的“无”在不同上下文中有着不同的内涵。最初提到的“无”是指空无,而在最后一句中则与“有”相对,具有了哲学意义上的“无”。因此,在翻译时可以使用不同的词语来对应这两种含义,让读者理解上下文中“无”的变化。
"利"的英文翻译是"benefit",“用”的英文翻译是"use"。
对老子原文的理解往往取决于对其逻辑关系的分析。译者必须坚持一个能自圆其说的理由来选择用词和句式,既能还原老子的原意,又能符合英语的表达习惯。举个例子,在最后一句中,“利”与“用”的理解方式影响了英文的翻译。有人可能会将其理解为“便利”和“作用”,译为It is because “Not-being” plays its role that “Being” can bring people convenience。然而,Arthur Waley则选择了take advantage of(利用)和usefulness(有用),而许渊冲则用了beneficial(有益)和useful(有用)。辜正坤则选择了condition(条件)与usefulness(有用)。实际上,这并没有对错之分,只是因个人观点而异。
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